The fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under ambient conditions is a major challenge for their commercialization. We evaluated the optical and device properties of the perovskite films in an uncontrolled environment through substrate preheating. The preheated substrate rapidly reached the turbid point and reduced the effect of relative humidity. An early antisolvent application time point with a preheated substrate increased the thickness of the perovskite film and improved its optical properties. However, the device characteristics were limited owing to the increased recombination with increasing thickness. Our results can guide the fabrication of high-quality, durable PSCs under various ambient conditions.

Keywords: Perovskite, Preheating, Photovoltaic, Light-harvesting